Buffer

Microscopy buffers maintain a stable environment for observing biological specimens. They ensure specimen integrity and optimal conditions for accurate observations.

Norman Good and colleagues identified 20 standard buffers in 1980, now used in microscopy for tissue fixation. Ideal buffers for biological sample preparation in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) have a pKa within the near-neutral pH range of 6 to 8. Examples include PBS, Sørensen’s Phosphate, Millonig’s Phosphate, Cacodylate, PHEM, Tris, HEPES, and PIPES.
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